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Monday, July 26, 2010
salt injury
Salt causes damage to plants in your yard and along your driveway in several ways," said David Robson, a University of Illinois Extension horticulture educator.
Use of salt on highways, sidewalks, and driveways has increased over the years with greater emphasis on safety. Unfortunately, so has the damage to plants.
Salt injury symptoms resemble drought or scorch stress. Foliage can yellow and appear stunted. Leaf margins turn brown and curl. Some leaves may exhibit fall colors in July and August. Most damage starts occurring in the early April through May period as new growth starts.
Evergreens, however, react quickly and severely to salt injury. The needles will turn yellow and brown from the tip down in the early spring.
Robson said an easy diagnostic tool is the location of injury. Most plants will suffer leaf or needle damage on the side of the plant facing the road, sidewalk, or driveway. You can travel down some interstates and highways and notice the salt spray injury, which can travel several hundred yards.
How does salt damage the plants?
"First, salt attracts moisture", Robson explained. Just pour water in a salt shaker and watch the salt clump. Rock salt does the same in soils. High amounts of salt in the soil can give the appearance of drought conditions as the salt sucks up all the water from the soil and even pulls it from the plant roots.
When the salt dissolves, the sodium and chloride molecules separate. The roots, leaf margins, and growing tips easily absorb chloride ions. Scorch-like conditions develop.
Sodium ions prevent the soil from clumping. The result is heavily compacted soil that can't breathe or allow water movement. Roots can't function and may rot.
Finally, excessive salt can tie up key nutrients such as magnesium and potassium, two of the important elements in chlorophyll production.
The best way to reduce salt injury is to limit the amount of salt used for de-icing. But this might not be practical in terms of human and vehicular safety.
Calcium chloride is a safer alternative for plants, though the cost in terms of equipment, anti-caking agents, and purchasing is prohibitive to most communities. It might be a good source, however, for homeowners with a few feet of sidewalk and driveway.
Sand, small gravel, and cinders provide adequate traction for cars and trucks, but have little effect in melting snow or ice.
Kitty litter is sometimes used for traction. However, avoid the clumping types as these become quite messy. Kitty litter can be a problem when tracked indoors on shoes.
Urea fertilizer (45-0-0) can also be used to melt ice and snow. Remember that excessive fertilizer can also cause damage to plant roots and leaves.
Most damage to plants occurs from late-season applications of salt. Avoid using salt after March 1.
Avoid piling salt-containing snow around plants. If unavoidable, flood or irrigate the area heavily in spring to dilute the salt buildup around roots. However, too much water can cause as many problems as too much salt.
Robson noted that some plants are more tolerant of salt and can be used in areas where salt buildup is possible. Salt-tolerant plants include Norway maple, horse chestnut, birches, honeysuckle, spruces, poplars and aspens, white and red oak, Russian olive, and Vanhoutte's spirea.
Low-tolerant plants include red and sugar maple, alders, most pines and firs, burning bush, dogwoods, lindens, yews, and viburnums.
"Healthy plants are able to withstand salt injury," Robson said. "Keep plants actively growing with a regular watering and fertilizing program. Prepare the soil properly for planting."
Use of salt on highways, sidewalks, and driveways has increased over the years with greater emphasis on safety. Unfortunately, so has the damage to plants.
Salt injury symptoms resemble drought or scorch stress. Foliage can yellow and appear stunted. Leaf margins turn brown and curl. Some leaves may exhibit fall colors in July and August. Most damage starts occurring in the early April through May period as new growth starts.
Evergreens, however, react quickly and severely to salt injury. The needles will turn yellow and brown from the tip down in the early spring.
Robson said an easy diagnostic tool is the location of injury. Most plants will suffer leaf or needle damage on the side of the plant facing the road, sidewalk, or driveway. You can travel down some interstates and highways and notice the salt spray injury, which can travel several hundred yards.
How does salt damage the plants?
"First, salt attracts moisture", Robson explained. Just pour water in a salt shaker and watch the salt clump. Rock salt does the same in soils. High amounts of salt in the soil can give the appearance of drought conditions as the salt sucks up all the water from the soil and even pulls it from the plant roots.
When the salt dissolves, the sodium and chloride molecules separate. The roots, leaf margins, and growing tips easily absorb chloride ions. Scorch-like conditions develop.
Sodium ions prevent the soil from clumping. The result is heavily compacted soil that can't breathe or allow water movement. Roots can't function and may rot.
Finally, excessive salt can tie up key nutrients such as magnesium and potassium, two of the important elements in chlorophyll production.
The best way to reduce salt injury is to limit the amount of salt used for de-icing. But this might not be practical in terms of human and vehicular safety.
Calcium chloride is a safer alternative for plants, though the cost in terms of equipment, anti-caking agents, and purchasing is prohibitive to most communities. It might be a good source, however, for homeowners with a few feet of sidewalk and driveway.
Sand, small gravel, and cinders provide adequate traction for cars and trucks, but have little effect in melting snow or ice.
Kitty litter is sometimes used for traction. However, avoid the clumping types as these become quite messy. Kitty litter can be a problem when tracked indoors on shoes.
Urea fertilizer (45-0-0) can also be used to melt ice and snow. Remember that excessive fertilizer can also cause damage to plant roots and leaves.
Most damage to plants occurs from late-season applications of salt. Avoid using salt after March 1.
Avoid piling salt-containing snow around plants. If unavoidable, flood or irrigate the area heavily in spring to dilute the salt buildup around roots. However, too much water can cause as many problems as too much salt.
Robson noted that some plants are more tolerant of salt and can be used in areas where salt buildup is possible. Salt-tolerant plants include Norway maple, horse chestnut, birches, honeysuckle, spruces, poplars and aspens, white and red oak, Russian olive, and Vanhoutte's spirea.
Low-tolerant plants include red and sugar maple, alders, most pines and firs, burning bush, dogwoods, lindens, yews, and viburnums.
"Healthy plants are able to withstand salt injury," Robson said. "Keep plants actively growing with a regular watering and fertilizing program. Prepare the soil properly for planting."
Thursday, July 22, 2010
Occurrence: species
Occurrence: species
and season
All seedlings are susceptible to
salt injury to some degree. Germinants
and young seedlings are
particularly vulnerable because of
their succulent nature, whereas
older seedlings and other stock
types, such as transplants, are more
tolerant. Small-seeded or slowgrowing
species like spruces and
firs are often more susceptible
because they take longer to grow
out of the young, succulent stage.
Whereas the salt tolerance of
most agronomic crops has been established,
that of many species of
Pacific Northwest forest tree seedlings
has never been determined.
Most commercially produced
nursery stock should be considered
susceptible, however. Pine seed
and season
All seedlings are susceptible to
salt injury to some degree. Germinants
and young seedlings are
particularly vulnerable because of
their succulent nature, whereas
older seedlings and other stock
types, such as transplants, are more
tolerant. Small-seeded or slowgrowing
species like spruces and
firs are often more susceptible
because they take longer to grow
out of the young, succulent stage.
Whereas the salt tolerance of
most agronomic crops has been established,
that of many species of
Pacific Northwest forest tree seedlings
has never been determined.
Most commercially produced
nursery stock should be considered
susceptible, however. Pine seed
Friday, July 16, 2010
Chalanger Deep
The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed point in the oceans, with a depth of approximately 11,000 meters (36,000 feet). It is located at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped trench, which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor.
The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island (one of the outer islands of Yap), 289 km (180 mi) southwest, and Guam, 306 km (190 mi) to the northeast. The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–76 made the first recordings of its depth.
The most recent (1 June 2009) sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water 900 – 33,000 ft mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana, has indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 m (35,994 ft) (6.82 miles). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth (this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth).
Only three descents have ever been achieved. The first was a manned descent by Trieste in 1960. This was followed by the unmanned ROVs KaikÅ in 1995 and Nereus in 2009. These expeditions have measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 meters.
In January 2010, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Trieste descent, the X Prize Foundation announced a $10 million prize for the first privately funded craft to make two repeat manned descents.
The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island (one of the outer islands of Yap), 289 km (180 mi) southwest, and Guam, 306 km (190 mi) to the northeast. The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–76 made the first recordings of its depth.
The most recent (1 June 2009) sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water 900 – 33,000 ft mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana, has indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 m (35,994 ft) (6.82 miles). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth (this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth).
Only three descents have ever been achieved. The first was a manned descent by Trieste in 1960. This was followed by the unmanned ROVs KaikÅ in 1995 and Nereus in 2009. These expeditions have measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 meters.
In January 2010, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Trieste descent, the X Prize Foundation announced a $10 million prize for the first privately funded craft to make two repeat manned descents.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
The Following Combinations are NOT allowed by the UPSC
Political Science & International relations and Pubilc Administration
Commerce & Accountancy and Management
Anthropopgy and Sociology
Mathematics and Statistice
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science
Management and Public Administration
Any two branches of engineering
Animal Husbandry & Veterimary Science and Mediacal Science
Combination if two Literatures
Commerce & Accountancy and Management
Anthropopgy and Sociology
Mathematics and Statistice
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science
Management and Public Administration
Any two branches of engineering
Animal Husbandry & Veterimary Science and Mediacal Science
Combination if two Literatures
Friday, July 2, 2010
Give 100%
Today I learned this line. Before that I was not knowing its meaning.After very deep though I could digest it. According to me give 100% means 'present all what you have,without any wastage'.For example We know that our enemy has 80% power while we have only 50% What to do? At that time we will have to utilise our 100% full power out of our 50%. And believe me You will be extra ordinary. If enemy wastes his power then his power will be reduced up to 50% spontaneously. So that keep your morel high to achieve your goal
Thursday, March 18, 2010
Self observation is better than critisism to change nation.
Every Indian want to see India as a Super power.But when we think how? No answer.Simply We will blame Politicians,Police. Opposition will blame on government. But I think It is due to 40 illiteracy of our country.People do not know their fundamental duties. We think that public places are government property.But properties are provided for us.We should support government to improve it. Our Trains,Bus,Roads,Water,Electricity are peoples own property .Why should not we maintain as our homes property.We dammage our trains,metro railways,Buildings,Parks. Like this Do we harm our house's furniture? We should not forget our Duties to nation if we want our Rights. I am waiting for that day when we Indian will use public property as our own property. Jay hind
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